{"id":132,"date":"2022-05-10T11:15:06","date_gmt":"2022-05-10T09:15:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/?p=132"},"modified":"2022-05-12T13:06:55","modified_gmt":"2022-05-12T11:06:55","slug":"architectures-materielles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/2022\/05\/10\/architectures-materielles\/","title":{"rendered":"Architectures mat\u00e9rielles"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Programme<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"683\" height=\"359\" src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-133\" srcset=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-1.png 683w, http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-1-300x158.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">De Turing \u00e0 Von Neumann<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Grace aux travaux de Turing Von Neumann a d\u00e9fini en 1944 l\u2019architecture d\u2019un ordinateur.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Peu connu du grand public, le math\u00e9maticien hongrois John von Neumann (1903-1957) a pourtant \u00e9labor\u00e9 des th\u00e9ories dont les applications ont d\u00e9finitivement chang\u00e9 le cours de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, de la bombe atomique \u00e0 la r\u00e9volution num\u00e9rique.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Le Transistor<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Le transistor a \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9 en 1947 par les Am\u00e9ricains John Bardeen, William Shockley et Walter<\/span><\/strong> <strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Brattain, chercheurs des Laboratoires Bell. Ces chercheurs ont re\u00e7u pour cette invention le prix Nobel de physique en 1956.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Un transistor est l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment de base des circuits logiques.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Activit\u00e9 : Une porte logique avec des transistors<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"96\" src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-2-1024x96.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-136\" srcset=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-2-1024x96.png 1024w, http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-2-300x28.png 300w, http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-2-768x72.png 768w, http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/03\/image-2.png 1435w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Sachant que quand c=1 la led est allum\u00e9e. Donc on d\u00e9duire que a ou (exclusive) b = c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">La loi de Moore<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">La&nbsp;loi de Moore&nbsp;est empirique et&nbsp;issue de constatations faites par Gordon E. Moore. En 1965, celui qui fut l&#8217;un des cofondateurs de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Intel trace une courbe d&#8217;\u00e9volution de la taille et du prix des&nbsp;microprocesseurs. Il s&#8217;aper\u00e7oit alors que \u00e0 co\u00fbt \u00e9gal, leur complexit\u00e9 doublait tous les ans. En 1975, il pr\u00e9cise que&nbsp;c&#8217;est le nombre de transistors qui double tous les deux ans. Il a pr\u00e9dit que cette croissance allait se poursuivre \u00e0 ce rythme jusqu&#8217;en 2015, o\u00f9 elle serait limit\u00e9e par la taille des atomes.&nbsp;L&#8217;Histoire lui a donn\u00e9 raison puisque entre 1971 et 2001 la densit\u00e9 des transistors a effectivement doubl\u00e9 1,96 fois par an.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/nsi2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/unnamed.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Architecture de Von Neumann<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/nsi2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/vn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"275\" \/><figcaption>Mod\u00e8le de Van Neumann<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">L\u2019unit\u00e9 de commande ou de cont<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>r\u00f4le r\u00e9cup\u00e8re les informations dans la m\u00e9moire et donne les<\/strong> <strong>ordres \u00e0 l\u2019UAL.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>L\u2019unit\u00e9 arithm\u00e9tique et logique ALU (ou UAL) ex\u00e9cute les instructions du programme une par<\/strong> <strong>une<\/strong><\/span><strong> <span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">en commen\u00e7ant par la premi\u00e8re (calculs , les op\u00e9rations logiques les comparaisons).<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">L\u2019accumulateur est un registre sp\u00e9cial ou sont vers\u00e9s les r\u00e9sultats interm\u00e9diaires.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Les entr\u00e9s et sorties permettent de communiquer avec le monde ext\u00e9rieur.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">La m\u00e9moire stocke le programme ( donn\u00e9es et instructions) en binaire.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/nsi2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/modele-actuel.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption>Dans les ordinateurs actuels on trouve plusieurs processeurs s\u00e9par\u00e9s ou plusieurs c\u0153urs int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans une m\u00eame puce.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Programmation en assembleur<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">EXEMPLE 1 :<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>On met notre code sur le simulateur y86 :<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-283\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-282\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>On remarque que le programme stocke la<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"> valeur \u00ab\u00a0imm\u00e9diate\u00a0\u00bb\u00a09\u00a0dans le\u00a0registre<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">%eax<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-20.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">EXEMPLE 2 :<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-21.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-285\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Enregistrement de la valeur \u00ab\u00a0imm\u00e9diate\u00a0\u00bb 9 dans le registre <\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">%eax<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Enregistrement de la valeur \u00ab\u00a0imm\u00e9diate\u00a0\u00bb 6 dans le registre<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">%<strong>ebx<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Effectu<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>ons l\u2019addition et enregistrons<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"> le r\u00e9sultat dans le registre <\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">%ebx<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Fin du programme<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-22.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-286\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Modifions\u00a0 le programme pour effectuer la soustraction 6-9 dans <\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">%ebx<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-23.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-287\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-24.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-288\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>On peux retenir donc que pour<\/strong> <strong>additionner on utilise<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"> \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">addl<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">\u00a0\u00bb et pour soustraire \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">subl<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">\u00a0\u00bb !<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Le r\u00e9sultat de la soustraction donne f f f f f f f d<sub>(16)<\/sub><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>Mais est-ce-que ce nombre correspond\u00a0 il \u00e0 -3 ?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>Premi\u00e8re m\u00e9thode: co<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">mpl\u00e9ment \u00e0 2<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>f f f f f f f d<sub>(16)<\/sub><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">\u00c9criture en binaire :<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1101<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Inversion des bits :<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Ajout de 1 :<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">0000 0000 0000 0000<\/span> <span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">0000 0000 0000 0011<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"><strong>3 en d\u00e9cimal\u00a0!<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9thode :<\/span> <strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">on ajoute 3<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1101<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">La somme donne bien 0<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">EXEMPLE 3 :<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-25.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-290\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Enregistrement de la valeur \u00ab\u00a0imm\u00e9diate\u00a0\u00bb 9 dans le registre <\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">%eax<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-26.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-291\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">Et on place la valeur <\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">%eax<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\"> donc \u20189\u2019 et on la place dans la m\u00e9moire\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">rm\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">movl<\/span><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-green-cyan-color\">\u00a0ligne 48 en hexad\u00e9cimal donc :<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-28.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-293\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/zakaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/image-27.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-292\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Programme De Turing \u00e0 Von Neumann Grace aux travaux de Turing Von Neumann a d\u00e9fini en 1944 l\u2019architecture d\u2019un ordinateur. Peu connu du grand public, le math\u00e9maticien hongrois John von Neumann (1903-1957) a pourtant \u00e9labor\u00e9 des th\u00e9ories dont les applications ont d\u00e9finitivement chang\u00e9 le cours de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, de la bombe atomique \u00e0 la r\u00e9volution num\u00e9rique. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":165,"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132\/revisions\/165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2021\/nsi\/romain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}