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{"id":187,"date":"2025-09-09T10:49:53","date_gmt":"2025-09-09T08:49:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/?p=187"},"modified":"2026-03-02T14:50:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T13:50:53","slug":"6-nomenclature-en-chimie-organique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/?p=187","title":{"rendered":"6-nomenclature en chimie organique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more--><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-pale-ocean-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-8dfc65d1ac333411d3cff39c10c86133\">1-Repr\u00e9sentation des mol\u00e9cules : formules topologiques<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Vous connaissez les formules brutes, semi d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es , de Lewis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe une autre fa\u00e7on de repr\u00e9senter les mol\u00e9cules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une <strong>formule topologique<\/strong>, ou formule de squelette, est une mani\u00e8re simplifi\u00e9e de repr\u00e9senter les mol\u00e9cules organiques en n\u00e9gligeant les symboles des atomes de carbone et les hydrog\u00e8nes li\u00e9s \u00e0 ces carbones, tout en conservant la structure g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du compos\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La <strong>formule topologique<\/strong> est une repr\u00e9sentation graphique des mol\u00e9cules organiques qui met l&rsquo;accent sur les liaisons entre les atomes de carbone tout en omettant certains d\u00e9tails. Elle repose sur les concepts suivants :<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Carbones implicites<\/strong> : Dans une formule topologique, les atomes de carbone ne sont pas explicitement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par le symbole \u00ab\u00a0C\u00a0\u00bb. \u00c0 chaque sommet ou angle d&rsquo;une ligne se trouve un atome de carbone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hydrog\u00e8nes implicites<\/strong> : Les hydrog\u00e8nes attach\u00e9s aux atomes de carbone ne sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s. On suppose qu&rsquo;un atome de carbone est li\u00e9 \u00e0 autant d&rsquo;hydrog\u00e8nes que n\u00e9cessaire pour remplir la r\u00e8gle de l&rsquo;octet (quatre liaisons pour un carbone).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/strong> : Les atomes autres que le carbone et l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (comme l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne, l&rsquo;azote, etc.) sont explicitement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans la formule topologique avec leur symbole chimique.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Liaisons multiples<\/strong> : Les doubles et triples liaisons sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es par des lignes doubles ou triples.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> R\u00e8gles pour \u00e9crire les Formules Topologiques<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Repr\u00e9sentation des carbones<\/strong> :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les carbones sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par des sommets ou des angles dans la structure lin\u00e9aire.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chaque sommet ou extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 d\u2019une ligne repr\u00e9sente un atome de carbone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Repr\u00e9sentation des hydrog\u00e8nes<\/strong> :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les atomes d&rsquo;hydrog\u00e8ne attach\u00e9s aux carbones ne sont pas montr\u00e9s. On suppose que chaque carbone fait quatre liaisons au total. Si un carbone a deux liaisons visibles, il doit avoir deux hydrog\u00e8nes attach\u00e9s. Si un carbone a trois liaisons visibles, il a un hydrog\u00e8ne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Autres atomes<\/strong> :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les atomes comme l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, l\u2019azote, le soufre, etc., sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par leur symbole (O, N, S, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les hydrog\u00e8nes attach\u00e9s \u00e0 ces atomes sont explicitement dessin\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Liaisons multiples<\/strong> :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Une double liaison entre deux atomes est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par deux lignes parall\u00e8les entre ces atomes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Une triple liaison est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par trois lignes parall\u00e8les.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-pale-ocean-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-5dc869cea39ec3330383d4f7f2446490\"><strong>2-Groupes caract\u00e9ristiques et familles de fonctions<\/strong> \u00e0 connaitre<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2024\/spc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-204\" style=\"width:475px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-pale-ocean-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-382b8dfd7404e91bda2ec91ee0cdaed8\"><strong>3-Pr\u00e9sentation des diff\u00e9rentes famille<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-esab-accordion accordion-cd580226\" data-mode=\"global\"><div class=\"esab__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-esab-accordion-child\"><div class=\"esab__head\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"esab__heading_txt\"><p class=\"esab__heading_tag\">\ud83c\udfacdiaporama pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 en classe<\/p><\/div><div class=\"esab__icon\"><div class=\"esab__collapse\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m3.5 20.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17 4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0 4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17-4.7 4.6-12.3 4.6-17 0zm0.9-0.9c4.2 4.2 11 4.2 15.2 0 4.2-4.2 4.2-11 0-15.2-4.2-4.3-11-4.3-15.2 0-4.3 4.2-4.3 11 0 15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"m11.4 15.9v-3.3h-3.3c-0.3 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6 0-0.4 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6h3.3v-3.3c0-0.3 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6 0.3 0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6v3.3h3.3c0.3 0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2h-3.3v3.3q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2c-0.4 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><div class=\"esab__expand\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m12 24c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12 0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12 6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12zm10.6-12c0-5.9-4.7-10.6-10.6-10.6-5.9 0-10.6 4.7-10.6 10.6 0 5.9 4.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 5.9 0 10.6-4.7 10.6-10.6z\"><\/path><path d=\"m5.6 11.3h12.8v1.4h-12.8z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"esab__body\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2023\/spc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/nomenclature1-1.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Contenu embarqu\u00e9 nomenclature1-1.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b0cf80df-d80f-4a72-844c-a9e57d430376\" href=\"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2023\/spc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/nomenclature1-1.pdf\">nomenclature1-1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2023\/spc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/nomenclature1-1.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-b0cf80df-d80f-4a72-844c-a9e57d430376\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-esab-accordion-child\"><div class=\"esab__head\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"esab__heading_txt\"><p class=\"esab__heading_tag\">\ud83c\udfac L&rsquo;eau<\/p><\/div><div class=\"esab__icon\"><div class=\"esab__collapse\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m3.5 20.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17 4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0 4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17-4.7 4.6-12.3 4.6-17 0zm0.9-0.9c4.2 4.2 11 4.2 15.2 0 4.2-4.2 4.2-11 0-15.2-4.2-4.3-11-4.3-15.2 0-4.3 4.2-4.3 11 0 15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"m11.4 15.9v-3.3h-3.3c-0.3 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6 0-0.4 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6h3.3v-3.3c0-0.3 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6 0.3 0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6v3.3h3.3c0.3 0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2h-3.3v3.3q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2c-0.4 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><div class=\"esab__expand\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m12 24c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12 0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12 6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12zm10.6-12c0-5.9-4.7-10.6-10.6-10.6-5.9 0-10.6 4.7-10.6 10.6 0 5.9 4.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 5.9 0 10.6-4.7 10.6-10.6z\"><\/path><path d=\"m5.6 11.3h12.8v1.4h-12.8z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"esab__body\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2023\/spc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/h20.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-319\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-esab-accordion-child\"><div class=\"esab__head\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"esab__heading_txt\"><p class=\"esab__heading_tag\">\ud83c\udfac L&rsquo;ammoniac<\/p><\/div><div class=\"esab__icon\"><div class=\"esab__collapse\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m3.5 20.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17 4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0 4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17-4.7 4.6-12.3 4.6-17 0zm0.9-0.9c4.2 4.2 11 4.2 15.2 0 4.2-4.2 4.2-11 0-15.2-4.2-4.3-11-4.3-15.2 0-4.3 4.2-4.3 11 0 15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"m11.4 15.9v-3.3h-3.3c-0.3 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6 0-0.4 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6h3.3v-3.3c0-0.3 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6 0.3 0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6v3.3h3.3c0.3 0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2h-3.3v3.3q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2c-0.4 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><div class=\"esab__expand\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m12 24c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12 0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12 6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12zm10.6-12c0-5.9-4.7-10.6-10.6-10.6-5.9 0-10.6 4.7-10.6 10.6 0 5.9 4.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 5.9 0 10.6-4.7 10.6-10.6z\"><\/path><path d=\"m5.6 11.3h12.8v1.4h-12.8z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"esab__body\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2023\/spc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/NH3-1.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-327\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-esab-accordion-child\"><div class=\"esab__head\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"esab__heading_txt\"><p class=\"esab__heading_tag\">\ud83c\udfacLe m\u00e9thane<\/p><\/div><div class=\"esab__icon\"><div class=\"esab__collapse\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m3.5 20.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17 4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0 4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17-4.7 4.6-12.3 4.6-17 0zm0.9-0.9c4.2 4.2 11 4.2 15.2 0 4.2-4.2 4.2-11 0-15.2-4.2-4.3-11-4.3-15.2 0-4.3 4.2-4.3 11 0 15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"m11.4 15.9v-3.3h-3.3c-0.3 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6 0-0.4 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6h3.3v-3.3c0-0.3 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6 0.3 0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6v3.3h3.3c0.3 0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2h-3.3v3.3q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2c-0.4 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version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m3.5 20.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17 4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0 4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17-4.7 4.6-12.3 4.6-17 0zm0.9-0.9c4.2 4.2 11 4.2 15.2 0 4.2-4.2 4.2-11 0-15.2-4.2-4.3-11-4.3-15.2 0-4.3 4.2-4.3 11 0 15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"m11.4 15.9v-3.3h-3.3c-0.3 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6 0-0.4 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6h3.3v-3.3c0-0.3 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6 0.3 0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6v3.3h3.3c0.3 0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2h-3.3v3.3q0 0.2-0.2 0.4-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2c-0.4 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><div class=\"esab__expand\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m12 24c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12 0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12 6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12zm10.6-12c0-5.9-4.7-10.6-10.6-10.6-5.9 0-10.6 4.7-10.6 10.6 0 5.9 4.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 5.9 0 10.6-4.7 10.6-10.6z\"><\/path><path d=\"m5.6 11.3h12.8v1.4h-12.8z\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"esab__body\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2023\/spc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2methilbutane.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-324\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-esab-accordion-child\"><div class=\"esab__head\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"esab__heading_txt\"><p class=\"esab__heading_tag\">\ud83c\udfacAlc\u00e8ne<\/p><\/div><div class=\"esab__icon\"><div class=\"esab__collapse\"> <svg version=\"1.2\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"m3.5 20.5c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17 4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0 4.6 4.7 4.6 12.3 0 17-4.7 4.6-12.3 4.6-17 0zm0.9-0.9c4.2 4.2 11 4.2 15.2 0 4.2-4.2 4.2-11 0-15.2-4.2-4.3-11-4.3-15.2 0-4.3 4.2-4.3 11 0 15.2z\"><\/path><path d=\"m11.4 15.9v-3.3h-3.3c-0.3 0-0.6-0.3-0.6-0.6 0-0.4 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6h3.3v-3.3c0-0.3 0.3-0.6 0.6-0.6 0.3 0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6v3.3h3.3c0.3 0 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href=\"https:\/\/capytale2.ac-paris.fr\/web\/c\/118e-3994988\">Corrig\u00e9s<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=187"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":672,"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187\/revisions\/672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=187"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=187"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yb-isn.fr\/2025\/spc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}